--- title: Wi-Fi Data Rates and Coverage description: Wi-Fi data rates and coverage along with interference are all interlinked topics. Let's take a look at these interlinked concepts. image: https://blog.iptel.com.au/hubfs/Blogs/Wi-Fi%20Data%20Rates%20and%20Coverage/Wi-Fi%20Data%20Rates%20and%20Coverage%20(Instagram).gif --- [![IPTellogo-byline-2020-dark-v2-pnd-optimised-500 (1)](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hs-fs/hubfs/IPTellogo-byline-2020-dark-v2-pnd-optimised-500%20(1).png?width=200&height=59&name=IPTellogo-byline-2020-dark-v2-pnd-optimised-500%20(1).png "IPTellogo-byline-2020-dark-v2-pnd-optimised-500 (1)")](https://iptel.com.au) - [Home](https://iptel.com.au/) - [Solutions](https://iptel.com.au/solutions) Technologies - [Cisco Access Manager](https://iptel.com.au/technologies/cisco-access-manager) - [Cisco Catalyst Centre](https://iptel.com.au/technologies/cisco-catalyst-center) - [Cisco Meraki](https://iptel.com.au/technologies/cisco-meraki) - [Cisco SDA Fabric](https://iptel.com.au/technologies/cisco-sda-fabric) - [Cisco Spaces](https://iptel.com.au/technologies/cisco-spaces) - [Everpure Storage](https://iptel.com.au/technologies/everpure-storage) - 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[Request a Quote](https://iptel.com.au/request-a-quote) - [Managed Services](https://iptel.com.au/managed-services-enquiry) Case Studies - [DP World Video](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hubfs/Case%20Studies/DP%20World_Case_Study.mp4) - [DP World](https://blog.iptel.com.au/dp-world-case-study) - [Backup Assure](https://blog.iptel.com.au/backup-assure-a-disaster-recovery-case-study) [Contact Us](https://iptel.com.au/contact-us) This is a search field with an auto-suggest feature attached. - There are no suggestions because the search field is empty. ## Wi-Fi Data Rates and Coverage May 1, 2026 Wi-Fi data rates, coverage and interference are all interlinked topics. It's a simple rule in Wi-Fi that you can't "have it all". If you use high power, you have big cells and typically more interference. Lower power means more APs are needed. Let's take a look at these interlinked concepts. ## ![Wi-Fi Data Rates and Coverage](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hs-fs/hubfs/Blogs/Wi-Fi%20Data%20Rates%20and%20Coverage/Wi-Fi%20Data%20Rates%20and%20Coverage.png?width=2240&height=1200&name=Wi-Fi%20Data%20Rates%20and%20Coverage.png) ## Wi-Fi Speed, Data Rates and Coverage When we design and assess Wi-Fi networks, we refer to performance in terms of network **speed**. For each individual transmission, the sender selects the highest **data rate** it considers “safe” based on the known information about the environment (SNR history) and the signal strength (last RSSI received). - A data rate is measured in Mbps (megabits per second) - Different generations of Wi-Fi have different minimum and maximum data rates and different steps (rates) between them - 802.11b = 1 - 11 Mbps - 802.11a/g = 6 - 54 Mbps - 802.11n = 7 - 600 Mbps - 802.11ac = 7 - 6,933 Mbps - 802.11ax = 8 - 9,608 Mbps - With the 802.11n/ac/ax protocols, we think of the data rates in terms of MCS (Modulation and Coding Scheme) index values - 802.11ac uses MCS 0 to 9 and 802.11ax uses MCS 0 to 11 (Wi-Fi 7, 802.11be, extends this to MCS 13). The higher the MCS, the higher the data rate for a given channel width and number of spatial streams. We determine the **coverage** of an access point by documenting the SNR and RSSI values when connected to that AP.  A *fast* wireless network has the following key characteristics: - Transmissions are sent at high data rates - SNR is high (above 25 dB) - RSSI is well above -67 dBm Related reading - [Troubleshooting with Catalyst Center](https://blog.iptel.com.au/troubleshooting-with-cisco-dna-center) - [Wi-Fi Concepts](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-terminology) - [Wi-Fi Terminology](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-terminology) - [Copper vs Fibre](https://blog.iptel.com.au/copper-vs-fibre) --- ## Utilisation and Interference **Utilisation** is a key measure of how “busy” the wireless spectrum is in a particular environment. The higher the utilisation, the more retries, collisions and other errors will naturally occur. We normally count both data traffic and admin traffic as part of assessing utilisation, but we don’t include interference. [![Top 8 Secrets to Great Wi-Fi-2-Jan-06-2022-02-13-04-13-AM](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hs-fs/hubfs/social-suggested-images/Top%208%20Secrets%20to%20Great%20Wi-Fi-2-Jan-06-2022-02-13-04-13-AM.png?width=193&height=275&name=Top%208%20Secrets%20to%20Great%20Wi-Fi-2-Jan-06-2022-02-13-04-13-AM.png)](https://info.iptel.com.au/top-8-wi-fi-secrets) Utilisation tracks how close to maximum capacity a network is operating at. We normally rely upon the network to report on utilisation levels, but it’s also possible to collect this in real time from an on-site survey. As a general rule, channel utilisation above around 50% starts to impact performance, so we aim to keep it comfortably below that.  2.4 GHz channels tend to run busier than 5 GHz channels - these signals naturally travel further, so each AP hears more neighbouring traffic, and the admin traffic overhead is much higher. **Interference** is closely related to utilisation (as high utilisation can cause interference), but we track it separately. A transmission is considered interference (or noise) when it gets in the way of a good signal. It may collide, or simply raise the noise floor, which reduces the SNR (see signal strength) and lowers the maximum transmission speed. Related reading - [Wi-Fi Predictive Designs](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-predictive-survey-wifi-heatmaps) - [Wi-Fi Assurance Review](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-assurance-review) --- ## Wi-Fi Channels Digital transmissions use the radio frequency spectrum, which is divided up into logical channels for ease of use and reference. ![Anatomy of an Access Point (Instagram)](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hs-fs/hubfs/Blogs/Anatomy%20of%20an%20Access%20Point/Anatomy%20of%20an%20Access%20Point%20(Instagram).gif?width=201&height=201&name=Anatomy%20of%20an%20Access%20Point%20(Instagram).gif) **Wi-Fi channels** are 20 MHz wide, but can be *bonded* in groups of 2, 4, or 8 channels together, using 40, 80 or 160 MHz of spectrum for a single transmission respectively. Importantly, 2.4 GHz channel numbers are only 5 MHz apart, so a 20 MHz transmission overlaps several neighbouring channel numbers (which is why channels 1, 6 and 11 are the usual non-overlapping set). In 5 GHz, the 20 MHz channels are numbered in steps of four (36, 40, 44 and so on), so they don't overlap. Channel 11 (on 2.4 GHz) is different to channel 36 (on 5 GHz).   There are a few key channel descriptions you should recognise: - **Primary Channel** = this channel is always used for administrative transmissions (e.g. Beacons). It is not always the first or lowest channel, but can be any channel in a bonded group. - **Bonded Channel** = when multiple channels are used for a single transmission - **Channel Overlap** = when two transmissions can use the same part of the spectrum, even if their primary channels differ Related reading - [Wi-Fi Grades](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-grades) - [Wi-Fi Concepts](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-terminology) - [Wi-Fi Surveys](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-surveys) - [Wi-Fi and the Cinema Story](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-and-the-cinema-story) --- ## Signal Strength and RSSI A signal is an intended transmission from a source to a receiver. **Signal Strength** refers to how strong that transmission is received by a receiver. ![Wi-Fi Predictive Design (Instagram) 2-1-Jan-06-2022-07-34-35-55-AM-Jan-06-2022-07-35-34-80-AM](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hs-fs/hubfs/social-suggested-images/Wi-Fi%20Predictive%20Design%20(Instagram)%202-1-Jan-06-2022-07-34-35-55-AM-Jan-06-2022-07-35-34-80-AM.png?width=193&height=193&name=Wi-Fi%20Predictive%20Design%20(Instagram)%202-1-Jan-06-2022-07-34-35-55-AM-Jan-06-2022-07-35-34-80-AM.png) **RSSI** (**R**eceived **S**ignal **S**trength **I**ndicator) is the measurement of signal strength from the *receiver’s* perspective. Most (but not all!) vendors report RSSI as a dBm value. There are many parallels between sound and radio signals, including some of the characteristics of attenuation and measuring approaches.   We often use the following terms when we are discussing signal strength: - **Attenuation** = the passive reduction in signal strength between transmitter and receiver - **Bleed** = Signals that extend beyond the range of desirable coverage (e.g. between floors, or beyond external walls) - **dBi** = stands for dB(isotropic). This is the forward gain of the antenna, measured in dBi. Forward gain is measured against a hypothetical isotropic antenna. Essentially this is antenna gain. - **dBm** = decibels relative to one milliwatt - a way of expressing the strength of signals and noise. Decibels are a logarithmic measure of RF power. - **EIRP** = Effective Isotropic Radiated Power = transmit power + antenna gain - cable loss. Regulators set the maximum EIRP allowed in each band. - **mW** =Milliwatts are another way of representing RF power - this time on a standard, non-logarithmic scale. - **Power Level** = a vendor-specific measure of signal strength, often in a range of 1 - 8 - **SNR** = Signal-to-Noise ratio = the difference (in dB) between the received signal strength and the noise floor (see *interference*) Related reading - [Cisco Hyperlocation](https://blog.iptel.com.au/cisco-hyperlocation) - [RF Power Tuning](https://blog.iptel.com.au/access-point-power-caps) --- ## Wi-Fi Data Rates and Coverage: Summary In Wi-Fi, there is a common rule that any changes you make will affect the primary thing you're trying to change (transmit speed, coverage, etc), but there is often a secondary component to this too. [![Wi-Fi and the Cinema Story (Instagram)](https://blog.iptel.com.au/hs-fs/hubfs/Blogs/Wi-Fi%20and%20the%20Cinema%20Story/Wi-Fi%20and%20the%20Cinema%20Story%20(Instagram).gif?width=198&height=198&name=Wi-Fi%20and%20the%20Cinema%20Story%20(Instagram).gif)](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-and-the-cinema-story)Increasing data rates reduces cell sizes. Increasing transmit power increases cell size - but might increase cell overlap and interference too. The challenge is to understand how these variables compete and complement - and once done, you can build and tune your wireless network. Hopefully this blog has been of use in getting the thinking started on how different capabilities of a Wi-Fi network fit together. As ever, if you need support with your design and install, drop us a line at [sales@iptel.com.au](mailto:sales@iptel.com.au). Related reading - [Wi-Fi Predictive Designs](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-predictive-survey-wifi-heatmaps) - [Wi-Fi Assurance Review](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-assurance-review) - [Wi-Fi 6E and 6GHz Explained](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-6e-and-6ghz-explained) - [Wi-Fi 6 vs 5G](https://blog.iptel.com.au/cisco-private-5g) - [Wi-Fi Surveys: Overview to Wi-Fi Survey types](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wi-fi-surveys)   #### Related Articles ###### [Reduce Wi-Fi Congestion with DFS](https://blog.iptel.com.au/reduce-wifi-congestion-with-dfs) June 19, 2025 ###### [Wi-Fi and The Problem With RADAR (DFS)](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wifi-and-the-problem-with-radar) July 21, 2025 ###### [Wi-Fi Pre-Deployment Surveys](https://blog.iptel.com.au/wireless-pre-deployment-surveys) June 12, 2025 Free tool ### How Many Wi-Fi Access Points Do You Need? Work out APs, PoE and switch ports floor by floor, using the same survey grades our Cisco wireless engineers design to. Takes under a minute. 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